Earth and systems
Earth! The very first thing we learned in science was earth and systems. What is a system? A system is a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole. There are three types of systems
- Isolated, a system were no energy or matter is transferred.
- Open, a system were both energy and matter are transferred.
- Closed, where only energy is transferred. NO matter moves in or out.
Systems are classified based on movement of energy and matter.
Earth is a system but which on? Open, Closed, or Isolated? Most often times earth is considered as a closed system. Energy, heat/light, is transferred from the sin to earth, and earth radiates some energy into space, but matter isn't transferred if it was only that sample? There are some scientist that believe earth is an open system.
Earth's systems-
Geo sphere- Physical features of the plant EXCEPT water
Hydrosphere- Contains all the water in the earth system
Biosphere- All life on earth
Atmosphere- All the gases surrounding earth
Systems interactions-
Volcano- Geo sphere, erupts sending ash and gases into the air, atmosphere, and sending lava and ash sown into surrounding forest and habits.
Hurricane- Atmosphere, wind gets water vapor, hydrosphere, goes into clouds and damages house, biosphere.
Atoms
Atoms! The second thing we mainly started to talk about was atoms which also tied in the Periodic Table and some things that are involved with the two . Some basic vocab for the atom unit is Atomic Mass: +Protons Neutrons, neutral. Atomic Number: is the number of protons in an atom. Valence electrons: Number of electrons in the outer shell. Isotope: atoms with different numbers of the nucleus is called isotope.
Their are Protons, Neutrons, Electrons. A Proton has a positive charge, Neutrons have a neutral charge, and a Electron has a negative charge. Which also ties into the periodic table! But first let's talk about Atom's!
Atoms are the building block of all matter. They can't be broken down any further and retain their properties. The nucleus is the center core of the atom, In the nucleus it contains both protons, neutrons, electrons. Atomic mass is equal to the nucleus, the atomic number is the number of protons. The three important numbers to remember to know while learning about atoms is 2, 8, 18. Those numbers are very important because those are the max valence electrons. Valence Electrons- number of electrons in the outer shell. There are two ways you go show the "models" are atoms, there is the Lewis Dot Structure or the Bohr Model of Atoms.
Earth! The very first thing we learned in science was earth and systems. What is a system? A system is a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole. There are three types of systems
- Isolated, a system were no energy or matter is transferred.
- Open, a system were both energy and matter are transferred.
- Closed, where only energy is transferred. NO matter moves in or out.
Systems are classified based on movement of energy and matter.
Earth is a system but which on? Open, Closed, or Isolated? Most often times earth is considered as a closed system. Energy, heat/light, is transferred from the sin to earth, and earth radiates some energy into space, but matter isn't transferred if it was only that sample? There are some scientist that believe earth is an open system.
Earth's systems-
Geo sphere- Physical features of the plant EXCEPT water
Hydrosphere- Contains all the water in the earth system
Biosphere- All life on earth
Atmosphere- All the gases surrounding earth
Systems interactions-
Volcano- Geo sphere, erupts sending ash and gases into the air, atmosphere, and sending lava and ash sown into surrounding forest and habits.
Hurricane- Atmosphere, wind gets water vapor, hydrosphere, goes into clouds and damages house, biosphere.
Atoms
Atoms! The second thing we mainly started to talk about was atoms which also tied in the Periodic Table and some things that are involved with the two . Some basic vocab for the atom unit is Atomic Mass: +Protons Neutrons, neutral. Atomic Number: is the number of protons in an atom. Valence electrons: Number of electrons in the outer shell. Isotope: atoms with different numbers of the nucleus is called isotope.
Their are Protons, Neutrons, Electrons. A Proton has a positive charge, Neutrons have a neutral charge, and a Electron has a negative charge. Which also ties into the periodic table! But first let's talk about Atom's!
Atoms are the building block of all matter. They can't be broken down any further and retain their properties. The nucleus is the center core of the atom, In the nucleus it contains both protons, neutrons, electrons. Atomic mass is equal to the nucleus, the atomic number is the number of protons. The three important numbers to remember to know while learning about atoms is 2, 8, 18. Those numbers are very important because those are the max valence electrons. Valence Electrons- number of electrons in the outer shell. There are two ways you go show the "models" are atoms, there is the Lewis Dot Structure or the Bohr Model of Atoms.
Now lets talk about the Periodic Table. The Periodic Table is organized by color, columns go from 1-18, each one has a different number, symbol. On the Periodic Table of Element's there are some things to remember.
Periodic table- created in 1869 by Dimitri Mendeleyer, organizes the elements by atomic mass.
Period- elements organized into horizontal rows, left to right.
Group- 18 vertical, up and down, group's or "family's."
Representative element- groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
Transition Element- group 3 through 12.
Staggered Stair step- separates metals from non metals.
Malleable- Hammered flat.
Ductile- drawn into wire.
Metals- lefts of the stair step. shinny luster. good conductors of electricity. Most are solids at room temp, high melting point, react with air and water, rust and corrosion.
Non metals- the elements located to the right of the Periodic Table are non metals, and hydrogen, very brittle, easy to break, poor conductors of both heat and electricity, not malleable nor ductile.
Metalloids- the elements the boarder the stair steps, elements have both metals and non metals elements.
There is also Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures. A Element is only one atom, a compound is two or more atoms chemically combined, and a Mixture is two or more atoms that are physically combined so you can take them apart.
Periodic table- created in 1869 by Dimitri Mendeleyer, organizes the elements by atomic mass.
Period- elements organized into horizontal rows, left to right.
Group- 18 vertical, up and down, group's or "family's."
Representative element- groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
Transition Element- group 3 through 12.
Staggered Stair step- separates metals from non metals.
Malleable- Hammered flat.
Ductile- drawn into wire.
Metals- lefts of the stair step. shinny luster. good conductors of electricity. Most are solids at room temp, high melting point, react with air and water, rust and corrosion.
Non metals- the elements located to the right of the Periodic Table are non metals, and hydrogen, very brittle, easy to break, poor conductors of both heat and electricity, not malleable nor ductile.
Metalloids- the elements the boarder the stair steps, elements have both metals and non metals elements.
There is also Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures. A Element is only one atom, a compound is two or more atoms chemically combined, and a Mixture is two or more atoms that are physically combined so you can take them apart.
Energy
Energy is the ability to work or cause change measured in joles ( J ). The two basic kinds of energy is kinetic which is the energy of movement, and then there is potential which is energy that is being stored.
Kinetic energy
kinetic energy is the energy is of movement, depends on an objects name and speed, 1/2M*V=Kinetic Energy. More mass Means more kinetic energy, more speed more kinetic energy.
Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is related to an objects height, dropping rocks off a cliff. The higher the drop the more Potential. Elastic potential energy is related to objects that can be stretched, bow and arrow or rubber bands.
Thermal ( heat ) energy.
Conduction- The transfer of energy through direct contact
Convection- Movement that transfers heat into a gas or liquid.
Radiation- Transfer of energy by light. can go through empty space.
Wave Energy.
What is a wave you might ask? Well a wave is a disturbance that moves through matter or space. All waves travel all ALL ways! Waves only carry ENERGY one place to another, waves DON'T carry MATTER. Example- Water waves are use the water molecules to transfer energy not water.
Types of waves.
There are a few different types of wave.
Mechanical waves ( Needs a Medium= matter to travel through.)
Transverse wave
Longitudinal waves
Electromagnetic waves ( No medium needed )
Transverse waves.
A transverse wave causes particles to move back and forth to the direction of wave movement
Energy is the ability to work or cause change measured in joles ( J ). The two basic kinds of energy is kinetic which is the energy of movement, and then there is potential which is energy that is being stored.
Kinetic energy
kinetic energy is the energy is of movement, depends on an objects name and speed, 1/2M*V=Kinetic Energy. More mass Means more kinetic energy, more speed more kinetic energy.
Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is related to an objects height, dropping rocks off a cliff. The higher the drop the more Potential. Elastic potential energy is related to objects that can be stretched, bow and arrow or rubber bands.
Thermal ( heat ) energy.
Conduction- The transfer of energy through direct contact
Convection- Movement that transfers heat into a gas or liquid.
Radiation- Transfer of energy by light. can go through empty space.
Wave Energy.
What is a wave you might ask? Well a wave is a disturbance that moves through matter or space. All waves travel all ALL ways! Waves only carry ENERGY one place to another, waves DON'T carry MATTER. Example- Water waves are use the water molecules to transfer energy not water.
Types of waves.
There are a few different types of wave.
Mechanical waves ( Needs a Medium= matter to travel through.)
Transverse wave
Longitudinal waves
Electromagnetic waves ( No medium needed )
Transverse waves.
A transverse wave causes particles to move back and forth to the direction of wave movement
Longitudinal waves
Longitudinal waves cause partials to move back and forth the same direction, also known as compression waves.
Longitudinal waves cause partials to move back and forth the same direction, also known as compression waves.
Electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves contains a combination of electric and magnetic transverse waves.
-light, radios waves, and X-rays
Electromagnetic waves contains a combination of electric and magnetic transverse waves.
-light, radios waves, and X-rays
Properties of waves
Wave length
Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength is the distance between one point on a wave and then nearest point moving with same speed and direction. One full wave length= one full crest and one full trough
Amplitude is measured by the height of a crest from stable point or the depth of a trough from stable point. More energy=Larger amplitude.
Frequency of a wave is the number of wave length that pass by a point each second.
Wave length
Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength is the distance between one point on a wave and then nearest point moving with same speed and direction. One full wave length= one full crest and one full trough
Amplitude is measured by the height of a crest from stable point or the depth of a trough from stable point. More energy=Larger amplitude.
Frequency of a wave is the number of wave length that pass by a point each second.
Sound
Sound is created by vibrations that travels through a medium by means of a longitudinal, compression, waves. The speed on sound depends on two things
Medium- fastest through solids, then liquids and air.
Temperature- fastest through warmer medium.
Properties of sound-
Frequency is related to pitch, higher pitch means higher frequency an lower pitch means lower frequency . Loudness, intensity, is realted to amplitude, the louder the pitch higher the amplitude.
The Doppler Effect
The Doppler Effect is apparent change in frequency due to motion of an object , to a moving sound source
Speed of Sound- 343.2mps in room temp's.
Systems Interactions
There are 5 atmospheric layers in are systems they are the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and finally Exosphere!
The Troposphere is the layer that we, humans/animals/life, lives on, also weather occurs here! The Stratosphere is like the earth's "umbrella," this layer is also called this because it contains the ozone layer. The Ozone layer protects earth from harmful radiation! The Mesosphere is the layer that metro's burn up in, but yet is the coldest layer. The metros burn up because the pressure and density fall. The Thermosphere contains the Ionosphere, charged partials that absorb radiation. The Exosphere is basically the last layer and is outer space.
The past atmosphere
4.6 billion years ago the atmosphere was manly made up of
- Methane
- Ammonia
- Water vapor
Present Atmosphere
Now the atmosphere contains
-Nitrogen 78%
Used to make proteins
- Oxygen 21%
Needed for respiration
- Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
Needed for photosynthesis
Absorbs heat.
- Water Vapor
Absorbs heat
Layers
Layers are divide according to-
Density
Temperature
Pressure
As amplitude, height, increase or density decreases, temp. changes, pressure decrease, gravity decrease.
Sound is created by vibrations that travels through a medium by means of a longitudinal, compression, waves. The speed on sound depends on two things
Medium- fastest through solids, then liquids and air.
Temperature- fastest through warmer medium.
Properties of sound-
Frequency is related to pitch, higher pitch means higher frequency an lower pitch means lower frequency . Loudness, intensity, is realted to amplitude, the louder the pitch higher the amplitude.
The Doppler Effect
The Doppler Effect is apparent change in frequency due to motion of an object , to a moving sound source
Speed of Sound- 343.2mps in room temp's.
Systems Interactions
There are 5 atmospheric layers in are systems they are the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and finally Exosphere!
The Troposphere is the layer that we, humans/animals/life, lives on, also weather occurs here! The Stratosphere is like the earth's "umbrella," this layer is also called this because it contains the ozone layer. The Ozone layer protects earth from harmful radiation! The Mesosphere is the layer that metro's burn up in, but yet is the coldest layer. The metros burn up because the pressure and density fall. The Thermosphere contains the Ionosphere, charged partials that absorb radiation. The Exosphere is basically the last layer and is outer space.
The past atmosphere
4.6 billion years ago the atmosphere was manly made up of
- Methane
- Ammonia
- Water vapor
Present Atmosphere
Now the atmosphere contains
-Nitrogen 78%
Used to make proteins
- Oxygen 21%
Needed for respiration
- Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
Needed for photosynthesis
Absorbs heat.
- Water Vapor
Absorbs heat
Layers
Layers are divide according to-
Density
Temperature
Pressure
As amplitude, height, increase or density decreases, temp. changes, pressure decrease, gravity decrease.
Nitrogen Cycle
The Nitrogen cycle is where atmospheric Nitrogen, totally useless to us, is turned into fixed nitrogen! There are different ways that Nitrogen can be fixed. Nitrogen can be fixed by being stuck by lightening or Nitrogen can be fixed when atmospheric Nitrogen is absorb into the ground and goes to "live" in the nodules of legume plants, which is located in the plants roots! Then the Nitrogen will be fixed by Nitrogen fixing bacteria, after that the Nitrogen stay's in the ground, or the Nitrogen can be turned into ammonia or ammonium which can either go through more bacteria and get fixed again. Or the Nitrogen can just go to de-nitrification bacteria, which is when Nitrogen get's unfixed and becomes "free" nitrogen again and goes back to the atmosphere.
The Nitrogen cycle is where atmospheric Nitrogen, totally useless to us, is turned into fixed nitrogen! There are different ways that Nitrogen can be fixed. Nitrogen can be fixed by being stuck by lightening or Nitrogen can be fixed when atmospheric Nitrogen is absorb into the ground and goes to "live" in the nodules of legume plants, which is located in the plants roots! Then the Nitrogen will be fixed by Nitrogen fixing bacteria, after that the Nitrogen stay's in the ground, or the Nitrogen can be turned into ammonia or ammonium which can either go through more bacteria and get fixed again. Or the Nitrogen can just go to de-nitrification bacteria, which is when Nitrogen get's unfixed and becomes "free" nitrogen again and goes back to the atmosphere.
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
First let's just go over some simple vocab.
Photosynthesis- The process plants use to make their own food using water, Co2, Carbon Dioxide, and sunlight, which they make sugar and O2, Oxygen.
Formula- H2O + Co2 SUNLIGHT ENERGY= C6 H12 O6 + O2
Respiration- The process used by BOTH plants and animals to break down food and release energy.
Formula- O2 + C6 H12 O6 SUNLIGHT AND ENERGY= H2O+Co2
Source- Something that gives off
Sink- something that absorbs.
Water Cycle
Water comes in three states a solid, liquid, and gas. Even though water is constantly changing forms, the total amount of water remains constant. Water is constantly cycled through the following-
- Atmosphere
- Hydrosphere
- Lithosphere
- Biosphere
Random Fun Fact!!
oceans cover about 71% of the Earth's surface.
Evaporation-
Evaporation is the process of a liquid changing into a gas/vapor. The driving force behind everything that occurs in the water cycle is the sun! Evaporation also occurs in oceans, lakes, rivers, and it even happens while cooking.
Condensation- Condensation is the process of a gas changing back into a liquid. When air temperature decreases, the water vapor changes back into a liquid. Large collections of tiny water droplets that form by condensation are called clouds. Condensation happens when there is a cold drink of a HOT day, or dew in the morning.
Precipitation-
Precipitation is any form of water, rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the Earth's surface. Precipitation forms when tiny water droplets bounce off each other and get stuck and the water droplets get larger, then clouds get to heavy and the water falls back to Earth. Forms of precipitation are- Snow, Freezing rain, Hail, Snow, Sleet.
Surface runoff-
A surface runoff is water that flows on the surface and the soil would be full if too much. Surface runoff's can be harmful because things like petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers.
Infiltration-
Infiltration is the process of water on the ground surface entering the soil, filtering. A aquifer is a larger amount of fresh water under ground, sometimes the infiltration water stays close to the ground surface that if can steep back up and rejoin ground water, this is also called ground water discharge. Freshwater springs form when ground water finds a opening in the surface.
Transpiration-
Transpiration is water that is returned to the atmosphere through plants ( steams, roots, flowers, and leaves.) Transpiration is similar to humans sweating. The stomata are tiny pores on plants that allow water vapor to leave and carbon dioxide to enter the plant.
PH Scale
PH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. The PH scale ranges from 0-14, solutions 1 to 7 are acids, solutions with a PH is neutral ONLY 7.0, solutions 7 to 14 are basics.
What is a Acid?
An acid solution that has an excess of H+ ions ( Hydronium.) comes from that Latin word acidus - sharp or sour. More H+ ions, the more acidic the solution is. The properties of a acid are that it taste sour, can conduct electricity, corrosive which means it can break down certain subtances. some acids can react with strong metals, and acids change blue litmus paper red!
What is a base?
A base is solution that has an excess of OH- ( Hydroxide ) ions. Another word is alkali. Substances that can except hydrogen. Some properties of bases are they feel slippery, taste bitter, are corrosive, conduct electricity, DON'T react with metals, and bases turn red litmus paper blue.
First let's just go over some simple vocab.
Photosynthesis- The process plants use to make their own food using water, Co2, Carbon Dioxide, and sunlight, which they make sugar and O2, Oxygen.
Formula- H2O + Co2 SUNLIGHT ENERGY= C6 H12 O6 + O2
Respiration- The process used by BOTH plants and animals to break down food and release energy.
Formula- O2 + C6 H12 O6 SUNLIGHT AND ENERGY= H2O+Co2
Source- Something that gives off
Sink- something that absorbs.
Water Cycle
Water comes in three states a solid, liquid, and gas. Even though water is constantly changing forms, the total amount of water remains constant. Water is constantly cycled through the following-
- Atmosphere
- Hydrosphere
- Lithosphere
- Biosphere
Random Fun Fact!!
oceans cover about 71% of the Earth's surface.
Evaporation-
Evaporation is the process of a liquid changing into a gas/vapor. The driving force behind everything that occurs in the water cycle is the sun! Evaporation also occurs in oceans, lakes, rivers, and it even happens while cooking.
Condensation- Condensation is the process of a gas changing back into a liquid. When air temperature decreases, the water vapor changes back into a liquid. Large collections of tiny water droplets that form by condensation are called clouds. Condensation happens when there is a cold drink of a HOT day, or dew in the morning.
Precipitation-
Precipitation is any form of water, rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the Earth's surface. Precipitation forms when tiny water droplets bounce off each other and get stuck and the water droplets get larger, then clouds get to heavy and the water falls back to Earth. Forms of precipitation are- Snow, Freezing rain, Hail, Snow, Sleet.
Surface runoff-
A surface runoff is water that flows on the surface and the soil would be full if too much. Surface runoff's can be harmful because things like petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers.
Infiltration-
Infiltration is the process of water on the ground surface entering the soil, filtering. A aquifer is a larger amount of fresh water under ground, sometimes the infiltration water stays close to the ground surface that if can steep back up and rejoin ground water, this is also called ground water discharge. Freshwater springs form when ground water finds a opening in the surface.
Transpiration-
Transpiration is water that is returned to the atmosphere through plants ( steams, roots, flowers, and leaves.) Transpiration is similar to humans sweating. The stomata are tiny pores on plants that allow water vapor to leave and carbon dioxide to enter the plant.
PH Scale
PH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. The PH scale ranges from 0-14, solutions 1 to 7 are acids, solutions with a PH is neutral ONLY 7.0, solutions 7 to 14 are basics.
What is a Acid?
An acid solution that has an excess of H+ ions ( Hydronium.) comes from that Latin word acidus - sharp or sour. More H+ ions, the more acidic the solution is. The properties of a acid are that it taste sour, can conduct electricity, corrosive which means it can break down certain subtances. some acids can react with strong metals, and acids change blue litmus paper red!
What is a base?
A base is solution that has an excess of OH- ( Hydroxide ) ions. Another word is alkali. Substances that can except hydrogen. Some properties of bases are they feel slippery, taste bitter, are corrosive, conduct electricity, DON'T react with metals, and bases turn red litmus paper blue.
Ecology
Life Science!!
Biology- The study of living things
Ecology- Study of interaction among living things and their environment
Living VS. Non-living
Biotic factors- Is living or once was living,
- Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists.
A biotic- not living and never was alive.
Rocks, temperature, sunlight, soil, water, air.
Level or organization
Living world is organized into the following levels, big-small
-Biosphere- Largest level is basically the earth it's self.
- Biome- Largest region with similar plants animals and climate.
- Ecosystem- All non living things that impact the living things.
- Community- Populations of different species that interact.
- Population- All of the individuals of species.
- Organism- Smallest level includes one individual of a species.
Some Biome's have different climate, animals, precipitation. Some biome's have things in common too! Lets talk about some biome's!
The Rain Forest-
Life Science!!
Biology- The study of living things
Ecology- Study of interaction among living things and their environment
Living VS. Non-living
Biotic factors- Is living or once was living,
- Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists.
A biotic- not living and never was alive.
Rocks, temperature, sunlight, soil, water, air.
Level or organization
Living world is organized into the following levels, big-small
-Biosphere- Largest level is basically the earth it's self.
- Biome- Largest region with similar plants animals and climate.
- Ecosystem- All non living things that impact the living things.
- Community- Populations of different species that interact.
- Population- All of the individuals of species.
- Organism- Smallest level includes one individual of a species.
Some Biome's have different climate, animals, precipitation. Some biome's have things in common too! Lets talk about some biome's!
The Rain Forest-
The rain forest is located towards the equator! The Rain Forest can get up to 250-470cm of rain fall, the temperature in the Rain Forest is either 80 or 90F. In the rain forest there is basically NO season but summer and it NEVER freezes! The soil in the Rain Forest is very thin and don't have enough nutrients, so it's very poor soil : (. But the trees in the Rain Forest get get up to 100ft, wow!!!
The Desert
The desert get's less than 10in or 25cm of rain fall a year. During the day at the desert it gets very ho, but at night the temp's are very cold. The desert has little life but the animals are active at night so you can't see them in the day time. The desert has fast growing plants because since the soil is VERY poor and the desert is kind of basically all sand and rocks it's not that good for plants, and since it dont rain much in the desert the plants have to store water!
The desert get's less than 10in or 25cm of rain fall a year. During the day at the desert it gets very ho, but at night the temp's are very cold. The desert has little life but the animals are active at night so you can't see them in the day time. The desert has fast growing plants because since the soil is VERY poor and the desert is kind of basically all sand and rocks it's not that good for plants, and since it dont rain much in the desert the plants have to store water!
Temperate deciduous forest
The temperate deciduous forest has seasons unlike some of the biomes! The temperate deciduous forest have very cold winters and very hot summers, the rain fall is abundant through out the year. Usually the temps are modern. The temperate deciduous forest has VERY good/rich soil due to decaying of dead matter. The temperate deciduous forest is basically what we live in!!
The temperate deciduous forest has seasons unlike some of the biomes! The temperate deciduous forest have very cold winters and very hot summers, the rain fall is abundant through out the year. Usually the temps are modern. The temperate deciduous forest has VERY good/rich soil due to decaying of dead matter. The temperate deciduous forest is basically what we live in!!
Grasslands
In Grasslands the rainfall doesn't get below 10in. Grasslands are also known as prairies, Grasslands are directly next to Deserts. In the Grasslands they have the MOST federalized soil. In the Grasslands certain places get more rainfall than others!!
In Grasslands the rainfall doesn't get below 10in. Grasslands are also known as prairies, Grasslands are directly next to Deserts. In the Grasslands they have the MOST federalized soil. In the Grasslands certain places get more rainfall than others!!
Taiga
In the Taiga there are very long cold winters and very short hot summer's. In the taiga there are trees with needle like leaves, so the Taiga's "nick name" is the Coniferous forest. The only precipitation that it gets is many snow.
In the Taiga there are very long cold winters and very short hot summer's. In the taiga there are trees with needle like leaves, so the Taiga's "nick name" is the Coniferous forest. The only precipitation that it gets is many snow.
Tundra
The tundra means tree less plans. The tundra is very cold and dry. The tundra gets about 10in of rainfall, the ground is frozen. The only precipitation the tundra gets is snow.
The tundra means tree less plans. The tundra is very cold and dry. The tundra gets about 10in of rainfall, the ground is frozen. The only precipitation the tundra gets is snow.